Death sentence Essays - Penology, Capital Punishment, Death Row

Capital punishment Essays - Penology, Capital Punishment, Death Row Postponed EXECUTION AND ITS FORBEARANCE UNDER ARTICLE 21 The AFP as of late inspected the time a prisoner spends waiting for capital punishment among condemning and execution and addressed if detainees are being rebuffed twice with long haul detainment and execution. They found a normal prisoner goes through 13 years waiting for capital punishment, with some going through 30 years or more. Craig Haney, teacher of brain science at the University of California, Santa Cruz and master on detainees held in disconnection, stated, Individuals waiting for capital punishment live under the danger of death, which is obviously a phenomenal mental injury, and they are precluded most from claiming the manners in which that individuals make life in jail progressively fair: significant social movement, programming of any sort, exercises. U.S. Incomparable Court Justice John-Paul Stevens, for a situation including a detainee who had gone through 29 years waiting for capital punishment, stated, The postpone itself subjects death row prisoners to many years of particularly extreme dehumanizing states of control. Capital punishment Capital punishment has been a method of discipline since days of yore. The contentions for and against has not changed a lot throughout the years. Now of time when the issue [whether the death penalty must be canceled or not] is as yet seething, it will be fitting to remind ourselves regarding how the councils and the summit Court have managed this issue each opportunity it has come up before them. Method When Death sentence is Imposed Unique Reasons The court needs to record unique purposes behind impressive capital punishment. Affirmation by High Court Court of Session in the wake of passing a capital punishment will present the procedures to the High Court, and the sentence will not be executed except if it is affirmed by the High Court. The court passing the sentence will at that point submit the indicted individual to imprison guardianship under a warrant. Enquiry and Additional Evidence The High Court while managing affirmation may arrange further request be made into, or extra proof taken upon, any point bearing upon, any point bearing upon the liable or guiltlessness of the indicted individual. No organization for affirmation No organization for affirmation will be made until the period considered favoring an intrigue has lapsed, or if any intrigue is introduced inside such period, until such intrigue is discarded. For each situation so presented, the affirmation of the sentence, or any new sentence or request passed by the High Court, will when such court comprises of at least two adjudicators , be made, passed and marked by in any event two of them. Duplicate of Order Sent to Court of Session In cases put together by the court of meeting to the High Court for the affirmation of a sentence of death, the best possible official of the High Court will ,immediately, after the request for affirmation or other request has been made by the High Court, send a duplicate of the request under the seal of the High Court and verified with his official mark, to the court of meeting. Where an individual is condemned to death and an intrigue from its judgment lies the execution of the sentence will be delayed until the period took into consideration leaning toward such intrigue has terminated, or if an intrigue is favored inside that period, until such intrigue is discarded. Delay of Death Sentence on Pregnant Woman In the event that a lady condemned to death is seen as pregnant, the High Court will arrange the execution of the sentence to be deferred and may, on the off chance that it thinks fit, drive the sentence to detainment forever. Method Of Execution The issue seeing the legality of hanging as a method of execution came up under the watchful eye of the Supreme Court in Deena v. Association of India {[1993] 4 SCC 645}, however the court affirmed that it was a legal capacity to test into the sensibility of a method of discipline, it would not hold the method of hanging as being violative of Article 21 of the constitution. This issue was by and by brought up in Shashi Nayar {1992 SCC [CRI] 24] the court held that since the issue had just been considered in Deena, there was no rhyme or reason to take an alternate view. Another issue which merits consideration is open hanging as a method of execution. The issue

Responsibility of International Organisations , Outline

Duty of International Organizations , - Outline Example f it is workable for the association to guarantee reparations for damages to its inclinations, hurt perpetrated by the UN on different gatherings is additionally obligated for claims, especially in exercises that are entrenched like peacekeeping tasks. This includes the lead of UN directors and peacekeepers. Be that as it may, the constraints, scope, and commonsense utilizations of universal duty standards are starting at yet to be resolved, particularly in such zones as responsibility instruments for non-legal and legal establishment2, just as the obligation regarding different tasks in regions like science, instruction, or culture. The UN Security Council is given essential duty by the UN Charter to keep up worldwide security and harmony and, in satisfying their obligation; the UN Security Council can establish a peacekeeping mission3. The UN Charter is the establishment for all work embraced by the UN. Despite the fact that not expressed unequivocally in the Charter, peacekeeping has wound up as one of the fundamental instruments of the UN in keeping up universal security and harmony. The UN Security Council may receive a few measures to satisfy this obligation. Section VI of the Charter includes the pacific settlement of questions and most peacekeeping tasks are related with this part, in spite of the fact that it has never been summoned. Section VII involves activities regarding; regard to harmony, harmony penetrates, and forceful acts, which has been conjured to approve peacekeeper arrangement in post-struggle circumstances where states can't keep up open request and security4. At last, Chapter VIII gives l ocal offices and courses of action to keep up global security and harmony as long as they are predictable with Chapter 1 of the Charter. Contingent upon the difficulties that different clashes bring, peacekeepers are ordinarily commanded to go about as impetuses in a few exercises. These are mine activity, demobilization and reintegration of soldiers, human rights advancement and

Edward B. Titchener Biography

Edward B. Titchener Biography History and Biographies Print Edward B. Titchener and Structuralism By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 22, 2020 More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Edward Bradford  Titchener was a student of Wilhelm Wundt and is often credited with introducing the structuralist school of thought. While Wundt is sometimes identified as the founder of structuralism, Titchener theories differed in important ways from Wundts. While he was a dominant force in psychology during his life, the school of thought he founded essentially died with him.   Learn more about his life, career, and influence on psychology in this brief biography. Best Known For StructuralismIntrospectionCoined the word empathy, a translation of the German word Einfühlung.??Oversaw the graduate studies of Margaret Floy Washburn, the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology Early Life Edward Bradford Titchener was born on January 11,  1867, in Chichester, England and attended Malvern College on a scholarship. While his family originally intended for him to enter the clergy, Titcheners interests were elsewhere. In 1885, he began studying at Oxford. He initially focused on biology, but he soon shifted to the study of comparative psychology. During his time at Oxford, he began to read the writings of Wilhelm Wundt and later translated the first volume of Wundts famous text Principles of Physiological Psychology from German into English. Titchener graduated from Oxford in 1890 and then began studying with Wundt in Leipzig, Germany. He went on to earn his Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Leipzig in 1892. Career After earning his Ph.D., Titchener took a position as a professor of psychology at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. It was here that he established the psychological  school of thought  known as structuralism. Titchener believed that by systematically defining and categorizing the elements of the mind, researchers could understand the structure of the mental processes. While he is often described  as an apostle of Wundts, Titcheners ideas differed from those of his mentor. He utilized Wundts method of introspection but under much more stringent guidelines. He was only interested in things that existed in the consciousness, so things such as instincts or the unconscious were of no interest to him. Introspection was a technique that relies on self-observation. Trained observers were presented with different objects or events and then  asked  to describe the mental processes they experienced. Based on this kind of research, Titchener concluded that there were three essential elements that made up all conscious experiences: feelings, sensations, and images.?? The Origins of Structuralism Major Contributions to Psychology Titchener is credited with introducing Wundts structuralism to the United States. However, it is important to note that historians recognize that Titcheners theories differed from those of his mentor and many critics suggest that Titchener actually misrepresented many of Wundts ideas. While the school of thought did not survive his death, he played a significant role in establishing psychology as an experimental science. Titchener was an original member of the American Psychological Association. However, he never attended a single meeting.?? In 1904, he founded his own group known as the Experimentalists. Titchener believed the APA was flawed and too accepting of applied psychology topics. Titcheners group was also known for its ban on women, which continued until after his death.?? Despite Titcheners refusal to admit women in his group, his first doctoral student was Margaret Floy Washburn. In 1894, she became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.?? During a time when many women were forbidden from studying at major universities including Harvard and Columbia, Titchener oversaw the doctoral studies of more women than any other male psychologist of that time period. In addition to his career as a distinguished and much-loved professor, Titchener served as the editor of several prominent journals including Mind, Studies from the Department of Psychology of Cornell University, and the American Journal of Psychology. He also published several critical psychology texts including Outline of Psychology (1897), A Primer of Psychology (1898),  and his four-volume Experimental Psychology (1901-1905). Titchener died on  August 3, 1927, and with his death, the structuralist school of thought mostly disappeared as well. Structuralism and Functionalism Schools of Thought

The Six Different Type of Energy - 870 Words

This report is on energy. Energy is the strength and vitality required for sustained physical or mental activity. What that was saying is that for everything you want to do, you have to have the physical ability and the mind set to do it. Energy and work are the two most important things in human society. Work is activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose or result. That means, is you want something done, DO IT. Kinetic energy is energy that a body possesses by virtue of being in motion. Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within it, electric charge, and other factors. Mechanical energy is mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy. It is the energy associated with the motion and position of an object. The six different types of energy are thermal, electrical, nuclear, chemical, sound, and light. Thermal push is the part of the total electric potential energy and kinetic energy of an object or sampling of matter that results in the system temperature. Electrical vigor is the energy carried by moving electrons in an electric music director. It cannot be seen, but it is one of our most useful strains of energy because it is relatively easy to transmit and use. All topics consist of atom, and every atom contains one or more electrons, which are always moving. The energy released during nuclear fission or fusion, extrasensory perception. WhenShow MoreRelatedReview Of Six Flags And The River Rider 899 Words   |  4 PagesSix Flags is an interesting place to go if you are looking to have fun or to learn about physics. The rides there are exciting to go on and are full of education. Physics play a big role in the rides that are at Six Flags. In order to make sure the rides are safe s o you don t die, you need to apply the right physics. 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World War 1 Essay - 921 Words

Arshdeep Singh 3/31/11 Mr. Rod 1st p WW1 Essay In the 19th century when WW1 ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. It left many long term causes some of them being the Ottoman Empire, Germany, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire all fell. But due to their falling it lead to new colonies being made in their place by the people. The leading cause to all the demolition after ww1 and ww1 are Militarism and military plans, Alliance system, Imperialism, Mass Politics, Intellectual Context, and Nationalism. These were the MAJOR leading causes of WW1 and its destruction. All sides used militarism and used there militaries to attack there enemies causing war to happen. The Alliance system was when the leaders wanted to make treaties†¦show more content†¦Because of this Germany faced many problems, they had a blockade at have and there were revolts going on that were lead by the working class. The working class was able to get more rights after they had seceded in their quest. 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Grevious Grendel (Beowulf) Free Essays

Beware of Grievous Grendel! We have all heard of the great epic poem Beowulf; one of the first major works in English literature. Grendel is a monster in this epic poem, in which he terrorizes people. He is a huge, powerful descendant of the biblical Cain, the son of Adam and Eve, who killed his brother Abel out of jealousy. We will write a custom essay sample on Grevious Grendel (Beowulf) or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the same way as Cane, Grendel was cursed and condemned by the mighty Creator. Grendel is envious, resentful and angry toward mankind. He may attack at any time, for no reason at all and there is no way to reach an agreement with him to make him stop what he is doing. He exists to devastate and to murder human beings. Grendel may be a part of fiction in this poem, but he also exists in real life. In modern life we can find the character of Grendel in natural disasters and human beings. A citation from the poem, translated by Kevin Crossley-Holland, would give a good picture of what Grendel caused to human kind; think of a beautiful place, a mead-hall, where people came together every night to eat, drink, sing and feast. People were living in harmony, until one night Grendel turned up and started the terror upon Hrothgar’s people, which would continue for the next twelve years: Then, under cover of night, Grendel came o Hrothgar’s lofty hall to see how the Ring-Danes were disposed after drinking ale all evening; and he found there a band of brave warriors, well-feasted, fast asleep, dead to worldly sorrow, man’s sad destiny. At once that hellish monster, grim and greedy, brutally cruel, started forward and seized thirty thanes even as they slept; and then, gloating over his plu nder, he hurried from the hall, made for his lair with all those slain warriors. Grendel turns up out of nowhere, kills, murders people, and then disappears. In modern life we deal with natural disasters in a similar way. There are earthquakes, tornados, volcanic eruptions and floods, which cause loss of life and property damage. A natural disaster comes without giving any notice, shatters homes, takes lives and leaves a population helpless with the ruins of its attack. People in modern civilization experience the same feelings as Hrothgar’s people, who were attacked for years and years; living in fear of horror, never knowing when to expect disaster to strike. Besides natural disasters, human beings can be Grendels themselves. Before going further into this topic, I would like to mention Freud’s Ego theory. According to Freud, we are born with our Id. The id is an important part of our personality because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met. Freud believed that the id is based on our pleasure principle. In other words, the id wants whatever feels good at the time, with no consideration for the reality of the situation. When a child needs to be changed, the id cries; when the child is hungry, the id cries again. The id does not care about reality, or about the needs of anyone else; when the id wants something, nothing else is important. Within the next three years, as the child interacts more and more with the world, the second part of the personality begins to develop. Freud called this part the Ego. The ego is based on the reality principle. The ego understands that people have needs and desires and that something being impulsive or selfish can hurt us in the long run. It is the ego’s job to meet the needs of the id, while taking into consideration the reality of the situation. Around the age of five the Superego develops. The superego is the moral part of us, which can sort right from wrong, and develops due to the moral and ethical discipline taught by our parents. In a healthy person, according to Freud, the ego is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the id, not upset the superego, and still take into consideration the reality of every situation. If the id gets too strong, impulses and self gratification take over the person’s life. If the superego becomes too strong, the person would be driven by rigid morals, would be judgemental and unbending in his or her interactions with the world. So when the ego is incapable of maintaining control of the id and superego, some kind of abnormality arises; here we meet the terrorists and murderers in modern life who we can compare to Beowulf’s Grendel. We never know when they will show themselves and their cruel intentions. But when they do appear in our lives, we suffer pain, become afraid and sad because of their actions. We know they are there and can’t stop them from doing harm to people. As a conclusion we can say Grendel is not fiction and he is not in the past. Grendel is still among us, keeping us afraid of what might come to harm us or our loved ones. When the next natural disaster will arise is a surprise and we’ll never know when an unhealthy person or group will decide to attack us. So be aware of grievous Grendel and be ready to suffer, because you might be next in line! Leyla Doner Dugdu – 285533 – evening References: http://psychology. about. com/od/eindex/g/def_egostrength. htm http://www. betterlivingthroughbeowulf. com/? p=328 Beowulf, translation by Crossley-Holland, K. How to cite Grevious Grendel (Beowulf), Papers Grevious Grendel (Beowulf) Free Essays Beware of Grievous Grendel! We have all heard of the great epic poem Beowulf; one of the first major works in English literature. Grendel is a monster in this epic poem, in which he terrorizes people. He is a huge, powerful descendant of the biblical Cain, the son of Adam and Eve, who killed his brother Abel out of jealousy. We will write a custom essay sample on Grevious Grendel (Beowulf) or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the same way as Cane, Grendel was cursed and condemned by the mighty Creator. Grendel is envious, resentful and angry toward mankind. He may attack at any time, for no reason at all and there is no way to reach an agreement with him to make him stop what he is doing. He exists to devastate and to murder human beings. Grendel may be a part of fiction in this poem, but he also exists in real life. In modern life we can find the character of Grendel in natural disasters and human beings. A citation from the poem, translated by Kevin Crossley-Holland, would give a good picture of what Grendel caused to human kind; think of a beautiful place, a mead-hall, where people came together every night to eat, drink, sing and feast. People were living in harmony, until one night Grendel turned up and started the terror upon Hrothgar’s people, which would continue for the next twelve years: Then, under cover of night, Grendel came o Hrothgar’s lofty hall to see how the Ring-Danes were disposed after drinking ale all evening; and he found there a band of brave warriors, well-feasted, fast asleep, dead to worldly sorrow, man’s sad destiny. At once that hellish monster, grim and greedy, brutally cruel, started forward and seized thirty thanes even as they slept; and then, gloating over his plu nder, he hurried from the hall, made for his lair with all those slain warriors. Grendel turns up out of nowhere, kills, murders people, and then disappears. In modern life we deal with natural disasters in a similar way. There are earthquakes, tornados, volcanic eruptions and floods, which cause loss of life and property damage. A natural disaster comes without giving any notice, shatters homes, takes lives and leaves a population helpless with the ruins of its attack. People in modern civilization experience the same feelings as Hrothgar’s people, who were attacked for years and years; living in fear of horror, never knowing when to expect disaster to strike. Besides natural disasters, human beings can be Grendels themselves. Before going further into this topic, I would like to mention Freud’s Ego theory. According to Freud, we are born with our Id. The id is an important part of our personality because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met. Freud believed that the id is based on our pleasure principle. In other words, the id wants whatever feels good at the time, with no consideration for the reality of the situation. When a child needs to be changed, the id cries; when the child is hungry, the id cries again. The id does not care about reality, or about the needs of anyone else; when the id wants something, nothing else is important. Within the next three years, as the child interacts more and more with the world, the second part of the personality begins to develop. Freud called this part the Ego. The ego is based on the reality principle. The ego understands that people have needs and desires and that something being impulsive or selfish can hurt us in the long run. It is the ego’s job to meet the needs of the id, while taking into consideration the reality of the situation. Around the age of five the Superego develops. The superego is the moral part of us, which can sort right from wrong, and develops due to the moral and ethical discipline taught by our parents. In a healthy person, according to Freud, the ego is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the id, not upset the superego, and still take into consideration the reality of every situation. If the id gets too strong, impulses and self gratification take over the person’s life. If the superego becomes too strong, the person would be driven by rigid morals, would be judgemental and unbending in his or her interactions with the world. So when the ego is incapable of maintaining control of the id and superego, some kind of abnormality arises; here we meet the terrorists and murderers in modern life who we can compare to Beowulf’s Grendel. We never know when they will show themselves and their cruel intentions. But when they do appear in our lives, we suffer pain, become afraid and sad because of their actions. We know they are there and can’t stop them from doing harm to people. As a conclusion we can say Grendel is not fiction and he is not in the past. Grendel is still among us, keeping us afraid of what might come to harm us or our loved ones. When the next natural disaster will arise is a surprise and we’ll never know when an unhealthy person or group will decide to attack us. So be aware of grievous Grendel and be ready to suffer, because you might be next in line! Leyla Doner Dugdu – 285533 – evening References: http://psychology. about. com/od/eindex/g/def_egostrength. htm http://www. betterlivingthroughbeowulf. com/? p=328 Beowulf, translation by Crossley-Holland, K. How to cite Grevious Grendel (Beowulf), Essay examples

The Perks of Getting a College Degree free essay sample

In all my years, I’ve never needed any sort of perk or reward to do the work given to me. Of course, like any human, when offered one, I didn’t turn it down. Even without it, I did my best. I can’t think of anything more thrilling to me than seeing a finished product that I have created and can be proud. If offered one hundred million dollars if I got my collegedegree, it would motivate me not for my own personal gain, rather for the gain of the ones I love. I would go to the college of my choice, study all the things that I’m interested in and love to do. I would not be in any rush to finish my 4 years of learning. My boyfriend and I will be sharing an apartment as we attend the same school. I will hold a part time job, as will he, so that we can pay for our shared expenses, such as food, utilities, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on The Perks of Getting a College Degree or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We will use the extra money that we have left over to save for a house later or buy any things we have been wanting. I plan on majoring in computer sciences, getting my bachelors in this subject, then minoring in in voice acting. Eve with the money offered to me, I will still apply to the corporation that inspired me to follow those fields; Riot Games. I will save most of the money that I won with the lottery in a trust fund for my children, if I ever decide to say any. The rest I can use to buy a huge house for us to live in or I will use it pay back my parents for college expenses that they so generously helped me with. This house will be complete with butlers, nice furniture, a pool and anything else you could possibly wish for. F. Scott Fitzgerald once said, â€Å"There are all kinds of love in this world but never the same love twice.† The love for my own success and ability to follow my dreams is one those loves and if I am wavered, then I may never be able to find a passion like that again. I am here to tell you that, contrary to how most people would just mess around in college and just barely get their degree and fall back on that money, I will use my college experience for it’s purpose and use the money for good and for the benefits of the ones I love and myself.

Work Flexibility Research Essay Example

Work Flexibility Research Essay Example Work Flexibility Research Essay Work Flexibility Research Essay To provide information on how employee fulfill the obligations of their positions when work arrangements wherein employees are given greater scheduling freedom. Q2: Find three sources of information relation to this purpose statement and provide the following information. Source 1 Title: Success with flexible work practise Author: Carol Davies Date of publication: Nov 1997 Publisher: dpc. nsw. gov. au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/25595/Success_with_Flexible_Work_Practices. df Type of information: Secondary information Brief summary of information: Provides suggestions and options for employer on developing and managing equitable flexible work practices. Is this information useful? Yes, it is relevant. Source 2 Title: Workplace flexibility Author: N/A Date of publication: N/A Publisher: workplaceflexibility. com. au/ Type of information: Primary information Brief summary of information: Aims to promote awareness of the importance of flexible work practices in increasing employee satisfaction and retention rates.Is this information useful? Yes, it is accurate and relevant Source 3 Title: The journal of Psychology Author: Christine Cadena Date of publication: 31st March 2010 Publisher: Yahoo! Contributor network Type of information: Secondary information Brief summary of information: Offer flexible work schedule maybe the answer for your company high turnover rate of emp loyee. Is this information useful? Yes it is relevant and reliable. Q3: list four keywords and two Boolean searches you might use to find relevant information online. Keywords Flexible work * employee turnover * work arrangement * work and life balance Boolean searches * Flexible work practices, reduce employee turnover * Working and life balance, work arrangement Q4: What are appropriate data collection methods for this project? Online research, surveys or questionnaire within the company and interview with individual staff Q5: Design a Survey/Questionnaire form to collect information about flexible work practices and employee turnover. See last page Q6 Identify three facts and three opinions from your research Facts: In Australia 70% of employed mothers used flexible work arrangement to help care for children * 65% of Australian company offers flexible work hours * Nearly 80% of workers say they would like to have more flexible work options and would use them if there were no nega tive consequences at work Opinions: * reason for introducing a flexible work environment is employee retention * can have a positive impact on the productivity of employees * Employees should be educated about policies and feel comfortable using them. Q7: Create a bar graph or pie chart of the data you have collected.For example, you could create a bar graph that shows the employee turnover rate in organizations that do offer flexible work arrangement compared to organizations that do not. Alternately, you could create a pie chart that shows which types of flexible work arrangement workers want the most. Company offers flexible work arrangement Company doesn’t offer flexible work arrangement Type of flexible work arrangement Q8: Write a report that outlines the information you have gathered and any recommendations you would make as a result.Businesses should evaluate their flex work arrangement on a regular basis. As the bar graph shows above, company that doesn’t offe r flexible work arrangement has higher employee turnover rate than the one does offer the work arrangement. A flexible work program is only worth keeping if it benefits companies financial, strategic, and production goals. A key to making sure that those needs are met is to maintain control of the program. Employees and work teams can be very helpful in shaping flexible work guidelines. Employees should be educated about policies and feel comfortable using them.This can only happen, if the company actively promotes the program. The pie chart above shows what types of the flexible work arrangement are most popular preferred by staffs. Supporters of flexible work programs hail them as important recognition of the difficulties that many employees have in balancing their family obligations and their work duties, such programs can make a company more attractive to prospective employees. Q9: Also, address and discuss any considerations in relation to: Anti-discrimination legislation A. Et hical principles B. Codes of practice C.Privacy laws D. Health and safety Flexible work practices should be treated fairly disregarding employee’s sex or races. It is also unlawful for an employer to discriminate against an employee on the ground of the employee’s family responsibilities by dismissing the employee. Employees should also keep in mind the ethical principles, codes of practice and privacy laws. * Employee should act with honesty, sincerity and integrity in their approach to their work; they should also behave with integrity, honesty and fairness in all business professional and personal relationships. Employee should not knowingly or recklessly supply any information which is confidential, or make any statement which they know is misleading, false or deceptive to a colleague, clients of the company, or the general public. * Employee must observe the terms and conditions of their employment; staff cannot be required to be complicit in any illegal act. If a dvised, instructed or encouraged to engage in unlawful activity, they must decline, and report the matter to the manager. Employee must protect the confidentiality of information acquired in the course of their work. No staff member should use or disclose any confidential information to a colleague, clients of the company or any other party without specific authority. Staff members in receipt of confidential information should not use or appear to use such information to gain personal advantage for themselves or for a third party. * Employee must not allow dishonesty, personal prejudice or bias to influence you in the conduct of your employment.You should not accept gifts, benefits or hospitality if their nature and value may be seen as compromising your objectivity and influencing you in your official capacity. While a workers workplace may include their home, OHamp;S laws do not require the employer to act on health or safety hazards or risks unless it is reasonably practicable fo r the employer to do so. Determining whether it is reasonably practicable for an employer to uphold OHamp;S standards in an employees home depends on: * The probability that the hazard or risk will harm the worker; * The degree of harm that might result; What the employer knows or ought reasonably to know about the hazard or risk and the ways of eliminating or minimizing the risk; * The availability and suitability of ways to eliminate or minimize the risk; * The cost associated with available ways of eliminating or minimizing the risk, including whether the cost is grossly disproportionate to the risk. It is important that these steps are reviewed to ensure that they also discharge obligations under the proposed OHamp;S laws.

Definition and Examples of Agreement in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Agreement in English Grammar In grammar, agreement is the correspondence of a verb with its subject in person and number, and of a pronoun with its antecedent in person, number, and gender.  Another term for grammatical agreement is concord. Basic Principles In English, agreement is relatively limited. It occurs between the subject of a clause and a present tense verb, so that, for instance, with a third-person singular subject (e.g. John), the verb must have the -s suffix ending. That is, the verb agrees with its subject by having the appropriate ending. Thus, John drinks a lot is grammatical, but John drink a lot isnt grammatical as a sentence on its own, because the verb doesnt agree. Agreement also occurs in English between demonstratives and nouns. A demonstrative has to agree in number with its noun. So with a plural noun such as books, you have to use a plural these or those, giving these books or those books. With a singular noun, such as book, you use a singular this or that, giving this book or that book. This books or those book would be ungrammatical because the demonstrative doesnt agree with the noun.–Jame R. Hurford, Grammar: A Students Guide. Cambridge University Press, 1994 Keeping Track of Details Agreement is an important process in many languages, but in modern English it is superfluous, a remnant of a richer system that flourished in Old English. If it were to disappear entirely, we would not miss it, any more than we miss the similar -est suffix in Thou sayest. But psychologically speaking, this frill does not come cheap. Any speaker committed to using it has to keep track of four details in every sentence uttered: And all this work is needed just to use the suffix once one has learned it.–Steven Pinker, The Language Instinct. William Morrow, 1994 whether the subject is in the third person or not: He walks versus I walk.whether the subject is singular or plural: He walks versus They walk.whether the action is present tense or not: He walks versus He walked.whether the action is habitual or going on at the moment of speaking (its aspect): He walks to school versus He is walking to school. Tricky Nouns Some nouns are commonly used with singular verbs although plural in form: Some nouns are commonly plural in usage, even though naming something singular.–Patricia Osborn, How Grammar Works. John Wiley, 1989 news, politics, economics, athletics, molassesnouns that state a given time, weight, or amount of energytitles of books, newspapers, television shows, even of plural formHis trousers were old and torn.The suds are almost down the drain.Scissors are a great invention.The contents were ruined. Examples Many dogs are made anxious by loud noises.An anxious dog is not able to focus and maintain attention.Dogs and cats are the most common pets.A dog and a cat are in our house.Usually, either the dog or the cat is in my room.Abandoning a dog or a cat is grossly irresponsible. Examples and Observations Bill Bryson The manager was one of those people who are so permanently and comprehensively stressed that even their hair and clothes appear to be at their wits end.–The Life and Times of the Thunderbolt Kid. Broadway Books, 2006 James Van Fleet I have read statistics that show only five out of every 100 people become financially successful. By the retirement age of 65, only one of these people is truly wealthy.–Hidden Power. Prentice-Hall, 1987 Maxine Hong Kingston She brought back another woman, who wore a similar uniform except that it was pink trimmed in white. This womans hair was gathered up into a bunch of curls at the back of her head; some of the curls were fake.–The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts. Alfred A. Knopf, 1976 Bell Hooks Feminist activists must emphasize the forms of power these women exercise and show ways they can be used for their benefit.–Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center, 2nd ed. Pluto Press, 2000 Agreement in Radio TR: I dont know. Understanding guys dont mean you should live with them. SS: Lester... TR: What? SS: Understanding guys doesnt mean you should live with them. TR: Thats what I said. SS: Lester, subjects, and verbs have to be in agreement. The subject of that sentence is not guys, its understanding, and understanding, which is a gerund, by the way, is singular and it takes a singular verb. TR: I got no idea what youre talking about.–Tom Keith and Sue Scott in English Majors. A Prairie Home Companion, May 18, 2002

Project report Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Report - Statistics Project Example The value of the correlation coefficient between sales per square metre and number of part-timers is about 0.0501. This suggests a very weak (or negligible) positive linear relationship between sales per square metre and number of part-timers. As shown in figure 3, there appears a positive linear relationship between sales per square metre and total number of hours worked. The value of the correlation coefficient between sales per square metre and total number of hours worked is about 0.2630. This suggests a weak positive linear relationship between sales per square metre and total number of hours worked. Figure 4 shows the scatterplot between sales per square metre and sales floor space of the store. As shown in figure 4, there appears a negative linear relationship between sales per square metre and sales floor space of the store. The value of the correlation coefficient between sales per square metre and sales floor space of the store is about -0.2938. This suggests a weak negative linear relationship between sales per square metre and sales floor space of the store. Since, the value of the test statistic, t = 4.871 is greater than 1.966, we reject the null hypothesis, H0 and conclude that there is a significant relationship between sales and number of full-timers. Since, the value of the test statistic, t = 1.000 is in-between 1.966 and -1.966 (non-rejection region), we do not reject the null hypothesis, H0 and conclude that there is no significant relationship between sales and number of part-timers. Since, the value of the test statistic, t = 5.438 is greater than 1.966, we reject the null hypothesis, H0 and conclude that there is a significant relationship between sales and total number of hours worked. Since, the value of the test statistic, t = -6.132 is less than -1.966, we reject the null hypothesis, H0 and conclude that there is a significant

Critically evaluatThe key challenge facing HR Managers in the 21st Essay

Critically evaluatThe key challenge facing HR Managers in the 21st century is to facilitate management of culture within organiz - Essay Example Proceeding from this, it is necessary to find a fundamentally new approach to priorities. The most important factor within any organization is its employees, and consumers -outside it. There is a strong need to turn the consciousness of workers towards the consumer, but not towards their supervisors, towards profit, but not wastage; towards the initiative, but not the indiscriminate fulfillment. It is necessary to make a way to social norms, based on sound economic sense, and do not forget about morality. The modern concept of development of production lies in the fact that the maximum productivity, quality and competitiveness can be achieved only by means of personal involvement of every employee; such strategy can stimulate each employee to improve the production process at their workplace first, and at the enterprise as a whole in the future. Involving staff in the process of production improvement makes a creative atmosphere and becomes a powerful motivator for staff to work that allows each employee to reveal their experience and creative ability. The central element underpinning the management is the professional nature of modern organizational management in economy of market. The term â€Å"manager† implies professional governors hired (Bach, 2005). In fact, it is a kind of social stratum, which plays a prominent role in society. What is the professional human resource manager? Since corporate culture generates the responsibility and the ability of people - a competitive advantage, the personnel manager has the following strategic objectives, which must be addressed. Nowadays, first of all, HR manager should possess some special knowledge and skills in the field of production and management, ability to work with people in different spheres of activity. Managers’ activity (regardless of rank and scope) is focused on finding and managing resources, ensuring effective and sustainable development of the organization, taking into account the lon g-term perspectives. It is important to creating competitive advantages through increased level of responsibility of personnel, using the means associated with the management of corporate culture. High corporate culture is able to attract and retain staff, establish the company's reputation, attract high- skilled workers and consumers, as well (Jaffee, 2001). Desire to update and adapt corporate culture to the changing conditions of the environment requires the provision of mutual respect between consumers and employees, continuous improvement of working conditions of staff. Employees’ involvement in various activities, related to marketing, contributes to their self-esteem (especially professional), the development of personal initiative, improve personal effectiveness. HR-service, along with other business units, should perform a variety of functions - from providing basic operations to strategic planning to succeed. However, many specialists in human resources management c ommit common mistakes - they tend to focus their attention either on strategic components of management exclusively or on tactical, while it is important to balance the strategic and tactical actions (Jaffee, 2001). One of the main strategies of the HR manager is providing a competitive advantage over other companies, with the help of diligent capacity building, promoting the growth of the employees' competence in the professional sphere. Nowadays the activity of HR-managers can

What are the Benefits of Fair Trade?

What are the Benefits of Fair Trade? According to many authors, food is physiological basic needs of the human being (Blackwell et al, 2006). Nowadays, people are getting interested health, organic and wellbeing food but most people do not know where products come from and how they are made. Basically, fair trade aims is to improve the position of poor and disadvantaged food producers in the third World by helping them to become more advantageously involved in world trade (Jones et al, 2004). Also there are many fair trade retail products in many major supermarkets and independent shops most notably chocolates, fresh fruits, cottons, flowers, teas and coffees. Especially coffee is one of the representative fair trade products. Most coffee has been originated in Ethiopia, Kenya, Colombia, Brazil and India but these centuries are economically poor. For example, if we buy 5pound coffee, coffee farmers get about 2%~5%. Even worse thing is that working condition of many coffee workers on these plantations brings their children to help them but these children and workers are not officially employed, therefore it is not subject to labour protections. Although our coffee consumption has been increasing day by day however the condition of the working environment of coffee farmer has been worse at the same time in the developing countries. The fact that Fair Trade coffee premiums only reach the farmers through cooperatives is an aspect that has not been explored yet, neither in study of co-operatives, nor in studies of Fair Trade (Anna, 2004) The primary intention of this study is to offer critical perspective on the real benefits of the fair trade coffee movement. This paper is to explore insight effective fair trade movement from different authors point of view. Thereafter, this paper will carry out discussions and disagreeing points address to author point of view. First, this study focuses on the impact on the fair trade products. Also, it finds out theories and analyses of the fair trade and fair trade coffee movement. Second, specific things could be divided from the question into four sections which are the social, culture, economic and environment affecting benefits. Moreover, there is fully understanding of what the observed evidence shows. Finally, conclusion with debate of benefits fair trade coffee movement will be discussed. Therefore, it provides the findings of this review of literature for future research and action. What is fair trade? Nicholls (2002) defined that the objective of fair trade is to maximize the return to the supplier rather than the margin of the buyer, within an agreed development structure. Similarly, Bird and Hughes, (2003) believed that fair trade is product specific and developmentally focused. From their point of view, fair trade related with ethical trade and consumption perhaps is the one that could consider as most benefits fair trade movement for food and beverage development. Past rational consumer defined that achieves a maximum of efficiency at a minimum of effort. These days, calling ethical consumption which is that consumers would focus on the satisfaction of products and information of the products is founded by themselves in a market is more important than the past when possession of products were spotlighted in accordance with low prices. This is another goal of achieving fair trade movement. If consumers understanding fair trade knows ethical consumption, it will influence on all food producers in third world as well as developing and achieving the Food and beverage industrys goals. The European Commission (1999) suggests that the objective of fair trade is to ensure that producers receive a price which reflects an adequate return on their input of skill, labour and resources, and a share of the total profit commensurate with their input. As well as all fair trade products are distributed by mainly NGO which is neither non-profit nor profit organization. Historically, fair trade origins in The Netherlands in the mid 1980s, involve the certification of products that are produced, according to what are deemed to be fair trade principles. But Price water house Coopers (2001) suggest that the free trade concept originated in the 1960s in Northern Europe, while Tallontire (2001) argues that fair trade emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. The driving force behind fair trade in the UK was the alternative trade/charity shop axis, perhaps best represented by Oxfam and a host of small, independent traders. (Alexander, 2002)[à ¬Ã‚ ¶Ã…“à ¬Ã‚ ²Ã‹Å"] [à ­Ã…  Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ §Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ] à ­- ¥Ãƒ ªÃ‚ ¸Ã‚ °Ãƒ «Ã‚ ¡Ã…“à ¬Ã… ¡Ã‚ ´ à ­Ã‹Å" Ãƒ «Ã‚ ªÃ¢â‚¬ ¦, à ªÃ‚ ³Ã‚ µÃƒ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ «Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¬- ­Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ­Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¼_01 (à ­Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã…“à ªÃ‚ µÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ªÃ‚ ³Ã‚ µÃƒ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ «Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¬- ­Ãƒ ¬- °Ãƒ ­Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ©) |à ¬Ã… ¾Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¬Ã… ¾Ã‚  ullimft The aim here is to provide access to traditional retail distribut ion chains in an attempt to facilitate greater consumer access to fair trade products. According to the fair-trade labeling organizations international (FLO) in 2008, fair trade certified products have been growing on an average of almost 40% per year in the last five years and sales amounted to approximately 2.9 billion euro worldwide (Reykia, 2009). From this result, we can find that fair trade movement has a positive impact to their organization system. A brief description of fair trade coffee. In most countries, coffee is accounts for the largest portion of fair trade items. This kind of coffee is sold in countries that are completely different from the origin where it was produced. A coffee bean is grown up in warm, tropical areas of Ethiopia, Kenya, Colombia, Brazil and India and the most of coffee is consumed in Europe and North America. This probably sounds like developing countries producing inexpensive raw materials that are manufactured and sold as finished goods in developed countries, and generally,  thats what happens with coffee. Large coffee companies buy coffee beans at a low price and produce cocoa and chocolate products to sell at a relatively high price. The price elasticity of demand is also low, with coffee demand dropping only when coffee prices increase significantly (Ponte 2001). This movement is thought to encourage consumers to pay close attention to not  only fair prices and quality of products but also the ethical purchase of bananas, chocolate, coffee, flowers, clothes, shoes, furniture, soccer balls, and so on. What is the motivation behind fair trade? It is suggested that the movement is aimed at deliberately paying a fair price to workers and farmers who produce the goods for both their work and time by means of paying a minimum price to producers regardless of the going price on the world be $1.21, in comparison to  the 70 cents per 500 gram it fetches on the world market. This would make it possible for marginalized producers and workers to move from a position of vulnerability to economic independence and self sufficiency. (FLO, 2002) A present study showed that todays coffee farmers receive around 6 per cent of the value of a pack of coffee sold in a store (Gresser and Tickel 2002). In response, groups of consumers in Europe and the United States developed fair trade organizations to guarantee that farmers of coffee, as well as cacao and tea, would receive fair and consistent prices for their crops. The benefits of fair trade coffee movement. Over the past few years, there has been an increase in the international market for fair trade coffee. This has been driver buy a number of different benefits can be divide this into four section. The following discussion with obvious benefits, that accrues at the social influences, culture revival, economic and environmental conservation. Social influences According to Putnam (1995) social capital is a social organisation, such as trust, norms, and networks that improves the efficiency of society by facilitating co-ordinated action The results of fair trade movement are a better standard of living for some farmers and organic coffee made with organically produced coffee bean that consumers dont feel guilty about buying. This is the main benefit of social part. And although fair trade coffee is somewhat more expensive that other coffee and now makes up only 1 percent of coffee sold, the fair trade idea is spreading quickly. First, benefit to the individual producers. Most individual producers are small coffee famers. After started fair trade farms the famers make co-operated this is can get benefit for reduced market prices risk. Moreover the famers cooperative has a good internal financial management system. This mean is fair trade price that is directly goes to individual farmers. Also fair trade guaranteed minimum price and an additional premium. The additional premium is paid into a fund of bank for development project. Fair trade results in more stable incomes and is consequently one of the most important direct benefits that accrue to coffee producers (Raynolds, 2002; Murray et al, 2003) There is one interesting examples of individual famers benefits. Fair trade made to improving childrens education in Guatemala. Cooperative members are able to send their children in higher numbers and a number of associates have children studying at the University levelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Lyon, 2002:30). Secondly, benefit to communities. One of most visible community benefit has the social premium. The Fair Trade social premium has financed the cooperatives technical and other organizational support of coffee producers activities (Douglas et al, 2003). This is related premium fund which is then invested in building schools, clinics, community centres, funding scholarships, paying medical bills and providing low-interest loans. Moreover farmers are learning from each other, with a spread of organic practices to neighbours food production (Jaffee, 2007). Also famers can help and share market knowledge and technical information this is access and get better prices in the conventional market. This benefit developed small farms and furthermore developed countries as well. Finally, fair trade has organizational benefits. Benefits to individuals can flow from being part of a recognised organisation and this recognition can accrue with international support from Fair trade attracting other international agencies (NGOs and donors) (Nelson, Tallontire and Collinson, 2002). For example, fair trade organizations benefit farmers by buying coffee beans or other products from them directly at higher-than-market prices and eliminating middle men such as exporters. Also fair trade organizations encourage farming techniques that are not harmful to the environment or to farm workers, for example, growing coffee bean without chemical pesticides or fertilizers in the shade of rain forest trees. Culture The growth of ethical consumerism over the last 30 years provides the main driver behind the development of a fair trade market in the UK (Burke and Berry, 1974; Strong, 1997). Today, many consumers getting consider themselves ethical consumption this is important goal of fair trade movement. Fletcher (1990) suggested that there has been a move away from the self-focused consumer of the 1970s and acquisitive consumer of the 1980s towards a new focus on values. I think fair trade movement has also moved into the consumer awareness and understanding of fair trade. The other benefit is closer link between consumers and producer. The fair trade movement give to empowers consumers. As consumers, fair trade accreditation gives us the peace of mind of knowing that the producers in question got a fair deal (The five key benefits of Fair trade, 2009). Raising awareness of the fair trade products here is our primary concern since some consumers dont even know what fair trade is all about Economic Economic benefit is most important of fair trade movement because it is directly related to their life. Giovannucci and Koekoek (2003) said the coffee commodity market is driven exclusively by economic factors and, like all commodity markets, does not recognize, much less internalize into its prices, the very real environmental and social costs of production. The main positive impact of economic is guaranteed minimum price this is I can say stable prices. All famers want to increasing incomes it is one of fair trades main objective. Fair trade is reducing intermediaries and get closer between the farmers and the end consumer, farmers earn a larger share of the export price (The five key benefits of Fair trade, 2009). However, fair trade cannot remove risk for small producer. Accordin to Jaffee (2007), while noting that Fair trade farmers are still affected by market fluctuations, also finds positive economic benefits accruing to participants from the guarantee that a fair price is available to them, enabling them to make longer-term investment decisions. Environment Recently, interest in protection of the environment is growing rapidly throughout the world. Fair trade has improved the natural environment. Aranda and Morales (2002) said fair trades organic emphasis has promoted for example improve soil conservation and water management practices as well as the increased consciousness about the importance of conservation in general. Also, fair trade technical team help to make organic coffee for example they supported organic coffee production program, supported in part by fair trade returns and helped reduce soil from erosion. (Perezgrovas and Cervantes, 2002: 19). Recently certain buyers, so-called ethical consumers, think about goods from a societal viewpoint such as human rights or the environment as being important standards for buying and consuming goods. They pay close attention to labor exploitation and environmental damage that occur as a result of producing the goods, and they regard their purchases as a kind of economic behavior conducive to an eco-friendly future society based on fairness and the justification of consumption. The term fair trade, which originated in Europe during the 1950s for the sole purpose of over-coming world poverty, is an organized social movement as a market-based model of international trade that promotes the payment of fair prices, as well as social and environmental standards. I suggest that if they want to keep protect natural environment then producer organize environmental protection management policy. They have to comply with national and international laws of protection (The five key benefits of Fair trade, 2009) Fair trade movement in Starbucks Starbuck is one of the good examples following the fair trade coffee campaign. Global coffee chain Starbucks is also helping to raise awareness of fair trade coffee products.  Starbucks has been selling fair trade coffee beans since 2003 but from January to April sales of the whole beans increased 86.5 percent on-year. In 2007, 9 million kg of fair trade coffee beans which are 16 % of the world trade amount have been bought by Starbucks. Also Starbucks have self- ethical purchase program called C.A.F.E. Practice which tries to guarantee coffee farmers who are not member of the fair trade organization to sell high quality coffee bean with higher prices in order to continue consistent transaction and return enough profits to the farmers (Starbucks, 2007). However, Starbucks was not the first main company of Fair Trade Coffee. One of examples is that Starbucks had used to pay 15 pence for 1 kg coffee and then sold it to consumers up to 130 pounds after a couple of processes so that Starbucks had harsh blame on getting excessive profits from consumers by not to pay enough to farmers. Since 2000, Starbucks has been increasing to buy fair trade coffee afterwards. Why are Kenya, Ethiopia, and Srirangka getting poorer as Starbucks is getting prosperous at the same time? One of the main reasons is that plenty of money have been poured to buy to import foods because it is failed to self- support of foods on the fertile land and they try to produce coffee on the land which is supposed to use for foods instead. Worse fact is that coffee farm makes land useless by consuming all fertility. Coffee consumption in developed countries makes the standardization of these farm product systems and it is a consequence which is made by multinational companies like Starbucks. Human being has started to consume huge amount of coffee without precedent in history, and this happening makes agriculture system standardization as well as Starbucks is a main organization making price of raw material going down. Therefore, Starbucks has to take more responsibility for 95 % of poor farmers than to be proud of purchase 5 % of Fair Trade Coffee. (Starbucks, 2007) It could be unfair to ask profit- making companies which try to maximize profit as much as they can to take responsibility of behaviour however, Starbucks has to at least purchase 50% of Fair Trade Coffee to get rid of the pasts act of barbarity and pay same contribution as its reputation they have to world. Of course, price of coffee sold by Starbuck could be being increased at the same if they would have bought coffee beans from the Fair Trade. Conclusion This paper has showed that the real benefits of fair trade movement. Actually, businessmen do not bring any profits in sales or benefits as they buy coffee beans from the Fair Trade. However, many countries have fair trade organizations and fair trade movement is getting issues. Then, why we need to buy fair trade product? Because it is an act of investing for the social goods noting that the more developed a nations coffee culture becomes, the more likely it is to import fair trade coffee. The main priority is to inform its citizens of what fair trade is and what is necessary to do in order to extend the quantity and improve the quality of products, so conscious consumers are more apt to search for buy fair-trade-based goods. Fair trade movement has numbers of benefits then, if we buy coffee as much as we can coffee famers get lots of profits and their countries are getting strong and rich? The answer is no. What things do consumers do? Drinking less coffee is the way. Why? It would be better to let people in Kenya, Ethiopia, and Sriranka produce rice, wheat, and other plants on the fertile land rather than coffee farm by people in developed centuries consuming less coffee. Could it be fair that if someone feels hungry and only produces coffee corps by myself who drink coffee, Cappuccino, and Caramel Macchiato daily? For these fair trade still comes many problems such as slow growth in the fair trade market. For example in Europe, the fair trade marketing campaigns have been underway for nearly a decade in many countries, fair trade coffee sales represent on average 1.2pervent of total coffee sales at the national level (EFTA, 2001). But fair trade movement try to growth of the market for coffee produced and big chain company trade like Starbucks buy more fair trade coffee beans so I guess this problem can figure out. On the other hand, fait trade is a difficult control system, especially to consumers willingness to support third world producers, and the transfers are therefore perhaps not comparable to government or NGO support (Anna, 2004). It may be that futher improvements to the global fair trade system. The fair trade movment has improved in a short time but the range of benefits is getting wider and higher. In a world where consumption is separated from production over incresingly treater space and time, modern consumers experience the processes shaping their livees with growing datachment (Anna, 2004). Also, modern consumers concern natural this mean is they focus about well bing and organic. I belive that this little change is make great result in the future. Fair trade movement is one of the difficult challenge but this is neccesary to economic success the third world. As Appadurai (1996) has persuafively argued, we live in a world characterized by rapid trascontinental trvel and the instaneous trasmission of images and informantion via terevision and the internet. Fair trade, along with a wide range of other global and local movements that have emerged in recent years, has the potential to stimulate this glical collective imagination. (Anna, 2004) Now it is the time when we should seriously question and consider the unknown truth behind the making of brand name goods. For example, where are the products produced? Who made the products? All the workers get paid fairly? Personally,  I make it a rule when buying goods to take few seconds. First to examine the producer, price, and consumer of the goods is one of the ways and Im going to buy what I will buy. Before buying a product, take a few second and ask yourself questions such as, Is this a fair price? Do I consider myself a bad or ethical buyer and consumer? bear in mind that by doing so you may be instrumental in helping the needy around the world climb out of poverty.

The Psychological Effect of Abortion on Women?

{draw:g} Natasha Joseph Ms. Powell College Writing 2 Thesis: The psychological effect of abortion on women? What is Abortion? The termination of an early pregnancy. Is it a health risk? Why do many have abortions? Pro-Life vs. Pro-Choice When life does begin? Should abortion be illegal? How does abortion affect your health? Signs of complications after abortion Physically and Mentally The Psychological effect of Abortion on women. Conclusion What is Abortion? One of the most controversial issues in the United States is abortion. Abortion is the termination of pregnancy after twelve weeks of gestation (Wikipedia. com). Some miscarriage and stillbirths can be defined as accidental abortion. There are many different methods in having an abortion. Some induced abortions are performed using one of several methods. The safest and most useful and appropriate method is determined by the age of the fetus, or the length of pregnancy, which is calculated from the beginning of the pregnant woman's last menstrual period. Most pregnancies last an average of 39 to 40 weeks, about 9 months. So abortions are performed in the first trimester of the pregnancy because it is easier and safer because the fetus is much smaller. When terminating a pregnancy they are often health risk such as breast cancer, Cervical or ovarian cancers and could cause labor complication later in life if you decide to have a child. The more abortion you have the more it increases the change of health problems. So before you have an abortion you should look at other choices like adoption. The majority of abortions are mostly due to the fact of teenage pregnancy. There are many reason people have abortions. Some of the reasons are they are unable to take care of a child financially, not ready to raise a child, have a abusive relationship with their partner and they don’t want to bring a child into the kind of atmosphere, have been a victim of rape and finally having a child would have serious health complication. Pro-life vs. Pro-choice Abortion has been a conflict between the pro-life and pro-choice movement. The question is when does life begins? Life begins at the conception when the egg is fertilized by the sperm. The pro-life moments considers undeveloped human life is sacred and must be protected by the government. They want abortion to illegal everywhere regardless of the circumstances. When groups of the pro-life and pro-choice debate on abortion they overlook the fact the many women who have abortion have no choice in the matter. There are many who have abortions just to do so but most have no other options available to them but to terminate a life that they may not want to. A lot of people are debating whether or not abortion should be illegal but who have the right to tell you what to do with your body. Many believe that abortion is murder no matter when a person believes life becomes official. There are many reasons abortion should be illegal including the descriptive and disturbing stories about how aborted babies sometime scream as they come out and the looks of pain on their faces. The health threat to the mother after going through with the procedure as well as the lifelong health risks that remain should be good enough reasons abortion should be illegal. With the rising healthcare costs and instance of disease greater than the medical ability to solve the problems, continued health remains important to all people. Self induced problems such as voluntary termination of pregnancy leads to complications for future pregnancies, reproductive disease, and depression. There many couples available for adopting these children by way of impotence by one or both people this is another option beside having an abortion How abortion does affect your life? Abortion is a life changing event for most women not just a medical procedure which can cause physical, spiritual and emotional consequences. When you get an abortion some risk are involved as with any operation. Some of the risk include heavy bleeding with is cause when the cervix is being torn or punctured after the operation. Any risk is an infection that is caused when some of the fetus is left inside of the womb and cause you to have a pelvic infection. Sometimes you can have an incomplete abortion where unwanted fetal parts left inside the uterus and this can lead to a hysterectomy which is the removal of the uterus. After abortion at least 50% of women are affected by breast cancer. Many women suffer with emotional and psychological problems after experiencing abortion. Some of these problems are depression; acute feeling of grief and fear of disclosure, eating disorders, suicide tendencies, anxiety and also increased consumption of alcohol and drugs. These are some of the risks involved in abortion. So think before you go for an abortion surgery. Avoid abortion, unless and until it is obligatory in terms of your health and you were a victim of abused. The psychological effect of abortion on women Most women feel some relief immediately after the abortion procedure, though there is often sadness as well. Natural hormonal changes related to pregnancy can cause a woman to feel more emotional than usual. Post-abortive women may experience a variety of feelings, including sadness, anger, regret, guilt, or even numbness. Women who have experienced abortion often report symptoms typical of depressive and anxiety disorders, such as sleeplessness, tearfulness, anxiety, hopelessness, irritability, and an inability to concentrate. These problems can be confounded by relationship difficulties that are often both a cause and effect of the abortion decision. The disorder of having negative effects after an abortion is called Post Abortion Syndrome or PAS. (Allied Action Inc. 996, 1). Although many women experience these problems for only a short period, many others have emotional difficulties for a long period after the abortion. These may manifest as clinical depression, an anxiety disorder, substance abuse, an eating disorder, or sexual difficulties. Women who already have problems such as these before an abortion may have a worsening of symptoms as a result of the abortion. Such difficultie s can last for months or even years. (Allied Action Inc. 1996, 1). Conclusion Many women have an abortion for different reasons. The majority of abortions that occurs within the United States are that of Teenagers and single young adults. Abortion is one of the most controversy topics today in Society and Politics. Abortion is a women right to choose what is best for her. Although at time I think there should be some restrictions on Abortions; whereas abortions should only be given to women in serious cases such as if your health is at risk or you have been a victim of rape or any form of abuse. You should think seriously before you have an abortion because it is a life altering decision. Works Cited Hutchison. â€Å"A Feminist Approach to Post-Abortion Counseling†. Herizons, June 1997: 23-24 Reardon, David c. Abortion Risks and Complications, (1997), 2000 Elliot Institute. Retrieved July 28, 2009. http://www. afterabortion. org/physica. html Stacey, Dawn, Abortion Procedures, (July 09, 2009) Retrieved July 28, 2009. http://contraception. about. com/od/contraceptionfailure/a/aboutabortion_2. htm Allied Action Inc. Post Abortion Syndrone, 1996 The National Office of Post-Abortion Reconciliation and Healing Impact of Abortion on the Family; IRLF Newsletter, 1993

Catcher In The Rye Essay example - 1672 Words

From the Outside, Looking In Despite the debate that may wage on regarding the status to be afforded J. D. Salingers writings, the authors books have not quietly faded into obscurity. Although published almost a half-century ago, the authors most famous work, Catcher in the Rye, enjoys almost as healthy and devoted a following today as the book did when it was first published. Because of a self-imposed exile that began almost at the same time the Salingers career was just taking off, much of the substance of the writers lifeÂâ€"his thoughts, ideals, writing objectivesÂâ€"remain shrouded in mystery. The few writings Salinger did offer up for public consumption, though, provide his audience cryptic clues into his inner most thoughts and†¦show more content†¦Perhaps the reason the author has become such a recluse is because it is only by withdrawing from society that Salinger has been able to resolve his personal conflicts with the workings and objectives of the society in which he lives. Take religi on for example. If his writings truly do offer some insight into the private thoughts and beliefs of the author, J. D. Salinger is a God-fearing man who has the utmost respect for his Creator. It is not the reverence of a divine being that causes Salinger difficulty; it is the mind-numbing customs and practices that cause parishioners to lose focus on the basic reason they engage in religious worship that compels the writer to speak out. The formal practice of religion at times places a greater emphasis on conformance with rituals than it does on fostering a better understanding and appreciation of the basic notions upon which a religion is based. In Salingers mind, some religious practices have run so far afield of the original premise upon which the religion was based that he questions whether the customs today can even loosely be tied to actual religious worship. Salingers most noteworthy character, Holden Caulfield, struggles with how society has lost sight of the foundation s upon which Christianity was organized. The setting for Salingers novel, Catcher in the Rye, is the Christmas season in New York City. ChristmasÂâ€"the time-honored tradition by which Christians pause to reflect on the birth of theirShow MoreRelatedCatcher in the Rye984 Words   |  4 PagesENG 4U1 June 12, 2012 Catcher In The Rye Essay A role model can be can classified as one of many things, but what is it exactly that distinguishes a good one from a bad? The novel, The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D Salinger is utilized to present the character Holden Caulfield as an unsuitable role model. Firstly, Holden relies on drugs for a way out of his problems instead of facing them. Also, he cannot find his place in the world, which arises, from his natural inclination to lie andRead MoreCatcher in the Rye1601 Words   |  7 PagesInnocence, Compassion, and some ‘Crazy Cliff A novel, which has gained literary recognition worldwide, scrutiny to the point of censorship and has established a following among adolescents, The Catcher in the Rye is in its entirety a unique connotation of the preservation of innocence and the pursuit of compassion. With certain elegance the writer J.D. Salinger, substantiates the growth and perils, which lie between childhood and adulthood. Embellishing the differentiation between innoc ence andRead MoreCatcher in the Rye1445 Words   |  6 PagesENG 3U1 – The Catcher in the Rye Essay Outline Assignment Task: Pick one of the essay prompts below. Your answer to the prompt will be the thesis of your essay. Thoughtfully and carefully craft an essay outline to develop and defend your thesis. Be concise and to the point, this is only an outline! 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Main characterRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye900 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger, the characters help portray many themes. J.D Saligner creatively infused his work with varying themes. Holden unknowingly magnifies the importance of the themes, of which he is often times oblivious. This novel is sophisticatedly written in a manner that allows us to see all the themes clearly. The themes portrayed in the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger include phoniness, psychological alienation, and futile protection of innocenceRead MoreThe Catcher and the Rye1196 Words   |  5 PagesThe Catcher and the Rye Benjamin Lynch 4/6/2012 Thesis Statement: Outline: * Intro * Tropophobia * Suicide * Withdraw himself from society * Incapable of recognizing the beneficial aspects in life * His fear of growing up and projecting others from it as well * Symbolism * Conclusion 1st Draft: The Biographical Lens applied to The Catcher in the Rye J.D. 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HoldenRead MoreCatcher in the Rye4413 Words   |  18 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye â€Å"Is The Catcher in the Rye, as a work of literature still relevant for today’s youth?† Name: Sara Sigurdson Course: English A1 Supervisor: Mr. Peter Steadman Word count: 3851 Candidate number: 00136022 Table of Contents Content Page Number Abstract 3 Introduction 4 The Actual Catcher in the Rye 4 The Sexual Matter 5 The Caulfield Family 6 Narrator and Protagonist 8 Role Model 9 Mr. Antolini 10 Targeted Audience 10 Guidance 12